我国典型森林土壤微生物驱动的氮代谢途径特征解析

微生物介导的氮代谢途径对生态系统结构和功能稳定性的维持起着重要作用,阐明微生物群落与氮代谢途径之间的关系可以从微观水平上扩展对氮代谢途径的理解.然而,微生物的基因水平转移使得基于分类学的方法并不能说明两者之间的关系.有研究表明,功能性状影响着群落构建和生态系统功能,将基于功能性状的研究方法应用于土壤微生物能更好地说明氮代谢途径的特征.因此,本文选择5种我国典型森林土壤,包括黑土（黑龙江哈尔滨）、暗棕壤（吉林长白山）、黄棕壤（湖北武汉）、红壤（福建福州）和砖红壤（海南乐东）,利用可以量化微生物功能性状的宏基因组技术对不同森林土的氮代谢途径特征进行了研究,主要包括氨同化、硝酸盐异化还原、硝酸盐同化还原、反硝化、硝化、固氮和厌氧氨氧化过程.结果表明,细菌序列在宏基因组文库中占主导位置,占所有序列的98.02%,且所涉及的几种氮代谢途径在细菌中都被检测到.5种森林土有着相同的氮代谢途径特征,即氨同化是细菌中检出频率最高的氮代谢途径,每百万个带注释的细菌序列平均检测到2830个氨同化途径的功能基因,固氮和厌氧氨氧化代谢途径检出频率较低,每百万个序列分别只检测到28.3和10.7个功能基因.不同森林土壤中同一氮代谢过程可由不同的微生物参与,且负责整个氮代谢途径的微生物的群落结构不完全相同.     

沈阳地区一次颗粒物重污染天气过程的气象成因分析

为探究沈阳地区重污染天气成因,文章利用地面、高空气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料、NECP再分析资料以及大气污染物监测资料,对2019年3月1~6日沈阳地区出现的一次持续性重污染天气过程,探讨了大气污染物质量浓度、地面气象要素变化特征、大气环流配置与外来输送等特征。结果表明,均压场、地面风场弱及辐合、高温高湿是本次重污染天气出现的原因;逆温层结建立、大气垂直运动差,造成污染加剧;来自京津冀东部地区和辽宁中南部地区的PM2.5外来输送对本次污染也有影响。     

我国和东亚地区硫化物的大气输送研究——流场分型统计输送模式

提出了一种流场分型欧拉酸沉降输送模式,计算了1993年4月东亚地区硫氧化物平均浓度的时空分布以及我国各省区和东亚主要国家的硫沉降量?通过与实测资料对比,模式有较好的可信度,是一个计算硫氧化物长期平均浓度和硫沉降的简便?实用的酸沉降输送模式?      

Continental‐Scale River Flow Modeling of the Mississippi River Basin Using High‐Resolution NHDPlus Dataset

As a key component of the National Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE), this article presents the continental scale river flow modeling of the Mississippi River Basin (MRB), using high‐resolution river data from NHDPlus. The Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge (RAPID) was applied to the MRB with more than 1.2 million river reaches for a 10‐year study (2005‐2014). Runoff data from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model was used as input to RAPID. This article investigates the effect of topography on RAPID performance, the differences between the VIC‐RAPID streamflow simulations in the HUC‐2 regions of the MRB, and the impact of major dams on the streamflow simulations. The model performance improved when initial parameter values, especially the Muskingum K parameter, were estimated by taking topography into account. The statistical summary indicates the RAPID model performs better in the Ohio and Tennessee Regions and the Upper and Lower Mississippi River Regions in comparison to the western part of the MRB, due to the better performance of the VIC model. The model accuracy also increases when lakes and reservoirs are considered in the modeling framework. In general, results show the VIC‐RAPID streamflow simulation is satisfactory at the continental scale of the MRB.     

Developing Peak Discharges for Future Flood Risk Studies Using IPCC's CMIP5 Climate Model Results and USGS WREG Program

Extreme climate events, floods, and drought, cause huge impact on daily lives. In order to produce society resilient to extreme events, it is necessary to assess the impact of frequent and high intensity storm events on design parameters. This article describes a methodology to develop future peak “design discharges” throughout the United States that can be used as a guidance to map future floodplains. In order to develop a lower and upper limit for anticipated peak flow discharges, two future growth scenarios — Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)‐RCP 2.6 and 8.5 were identified as the weak and strong climate scenario respectively based on the output from the global climate models. The Generalized Least Square technique in United States Geological Survey's Weighted Multiple Regression (WREG) program was used to develop regression equations that relate peak discharges to basin and climate parameters of the contributing watershed. The design discharges reflect the most recent climate model results. Number of frost days, heavy rainfall days, high temperature days, and snow depth were found to be the common extreme climate parameters influencing the regression equations. This methodology can be extended to other flood frequency events if rainfall data is available. The future discharges can be utilized in hydraulics models to estimate floodplains that can assist in resilient infrastructure planning and outline climate change adaptation strategies.     

三唑酮在水环境中的环境行为、毒性效应及生态风险

三唑酮是目前应用最广泛的三唑类广谱杀菌剂之一,在我国的使用量有逐年增长的趋势。本研究综述了三唑酮在水环境中的环境行为、毒性效应及其对我国部分水体的生态风险。三唑酮使用后被土壤吸附和解吸,经雨水淋溶作用进入地表或地下水环境,在丰水期检出率与检出浓度较高,目前我国地表水中三唑酮最高检出浓度为12μg·L-1。三唑酮在环境中的半衰期为15~43.3 d,能够在水生生物体内累积代谢,在不同浓度下对不同类群、不同生命阶段的水生生物表现出不同的毒性效应,对应着多条有害结局路径,其中最重要的是通过抑制细胞色素P450酶活性干扰机体内激素水平,影响水生生物繁殖和生长发育,导致种群密度降低。在目前已知的暴露水平下,三唑酮对我国地表水具有潜在的生态风险,特别是丰水期稻田附近的地表水风险尤其需要关注。     

环境雌激素生物效应的作用机制研究进展

环境雌激素(environmental estrogens,EEs)种类繁多,来源多样且分布广泛,大量工业添加剂、食品添加剂和农药类物质已被证实具有雌激素活性。EEs对人体生殖、神经、免疫等系统的生物毒性已经引起了公众的普遍关注。近年来的研究表明,EEs不仅结合雌激素核受体(nuclear estrogen receptor,n ER),还可以活化雌激素膜受体(membrane estrogen receptor,m ER),干扰正常的雌激素信号通路。本文总结了EEs通过n ER、m ER介导的多种雌激素基因组和非基因组信号途径及其产生的生物学效应,综述了在其毒理学作用机理基础上发展的环境样品的雌激素活性评估和EEs混合物的联合作用研究,以期为该类污染物的筛查、风险评估和进一步的机制研究提供参考。     

Transforming conservation science and practice for a postnormal world

We examine issues to consider when reframing conservation science and practice in the context of global change. New framings of the links between ecosystems and society are emerging that are changing peoples’ values and expectations of nature, resulting in plural perspectives on conservation. Reframing conservation for global change can thus be regarded as a stage in the evolving relationship between people and nature rather than some recent trend. New models of how conservation links with transformative adaptation include how decision contexts for conservation can be reframed and integrated with an adaptation pathways approach to create new options for global‐change‐ready conservation. New relationships for conservation science and governance include coproduction of knowledge that supports social learning. New processes for implementing adaptation for conservation outcomes include deliberate practices used to develop new strategies, shift world views, work with conflict, address power and intergenerational equity in decisions, and build consciousness and creativity that empower agents to act. We argue that reframing conservation for global change requires scientists and practitioners to implement approaches unconstrained by discipline and sectoral boundaries, geopolitical polarities, or technical problematization. We consider a stronger focus on inclusive creation of knowledge and the interaction of this knowledge with societal values and rules is likely to result in conservation science and practice that meets the challenges of a postnormal world.     

中国电力系统低碳转型的路径探析——基于社会技术转型思路

社会技术转型的多层视角(MLP)是转型理论的最新进展,它认为转型是由三个层面——微观层的技术利基,中观层的社会技术体制和宏观层的大环境——相互作用引起的一个非线性的演化过程。该思路通过分析技术和社会因素之间的互动关系,寻求理解社会技术体制的长期变化。本文以MLP为分析思路,研究我国电力系统现行体制已经发生的动态变化;并从短期,中期和长期三个时间维度,对我国低碳电力系统转型路径提出一个概念性的分析框架。短期的转变路径,延续和发展现有体制结构和治理模式,通过体制内行为主体有意识地调整创新活动和发展的方向,来解决体制内部矛盾和压力,实现政府2020年的减排目标和可再生能源目标。中期的重构路径,基本实现电源结构实质性改变,火力发电比例逐步下降,可再生能源发电对其主导地位形成冲击和挑战,电力系统呈现百花齐放百家争鸣之势态。长期的重置路径通过新的低碳能源技术创新的质的突破和飞跃,实现高煤高碳的电力体系由新的低碳体制取代这一长期目标。本文从理论和方法上丰富了目前我国低碳转型的讨论,对政策制定者和相关的行为主体也可提供一种有益的参考。     

Transformations in carbon and nitrogen-forms in peat subjected to progressive thermal stress as revealed by analytical pyrolysis

To study the characteristic N-forms of humic-type materials, samples of sapric peat from Galicia (northern Spain) were heated at 350 °C for 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 s, and studied by Curie-point Py-GC/MS, solid-state CPMAS ¹³C-NMR and ¹⁵N-NMR spectroscopies. NMR analysis of the peat samples in the progressive heating stages showed the concentration of heterocyclic N-forms, the maximum structural transition amide-to-heterocyclic forms being observed in samples heated for 120 s (56% heterocyclic N and 34% aromatic C). Under more drastic conditions all N-forms were depleted. Correlation between spectroscopic and pyrolytic data betrayed specific pyrolytic markers for the different N-forms. The intensity of the ¹⁵N-NMR amide peak tended to be positively correlated to the yield of indoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles, and negatively correlated to those of benzonitriles and pyrazines. Analytical pyrolysis also showed a progressive enrichment in lipids and alkyl macromolecules with increasing heating intensity, and a decrease in lignin-derived, polysaccharide-derived and N-containing compounds. The relative abundance of non-methoxyphenolic aromatic compounds did not change. The N-compounds in peat samples unheated or heated for 60–90 s released methylpyrazole, dimethylpyrroline, methyldiphenylindole and pyrazole, whereas peat samples heated for 120 s mainly yielded methylpyrazine and methyldiphenylindole. Dimethylpyrroline and pyrazine prevailed in samples heated for 150 s, whereas samples heated for 180 s yielded mainly pyrrole. Pyrolysis data presented low possibilities for forecasting the extent of the O-alkyl domain, but reflected quantitatively the transformations in the lignin-like moiety. Both techniques coincide in pointing out the accumulation of a recalcitrant alkyl domain possibly derived from abiotic condensations or inherited lipid biomacromolecules.